Interference of anti-streptavidin antibodies in immunoassays: a really uncommon phenomenon or a extra frequent discovering?
Background Anti-streptavidin antibodies (ASA) might trigger analytical interference on sure immunoassay platforms. Streptavidin is purified from the non-pathogenic Streptomyces avidinii soil bacterium. In distinction to interference with biotin, ASA interference is meant to be a lot rarer.
In-depth research on this matter are missing. Subsequently, we carried out an evaluation towards the prevalence and the potential underlying explanation for this interference. Strategies Anti-streptavidin (AS)-immunoglobulin G (IgG) and AS-IgM concentrations had been decided on a number of samples from two sufferers with ASA interference and on 500 random samples.
On a subset of 100 samples, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) was measured on a Cobas analyzer earlier than and after performing a neutralization protocol which removes ASA. The connection between the ratio of TSH after neutralization/TSH earlier than neutralization and the ASA focus was evaluated. Subsequently, an extract of S. avidinii colonies was analyzed utilizing sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunoblotting.
Outcomes A constructive correlation between AS-IgM concentrations and TSH ratio was obtained. Eight samples out of 500 exceeded the calculated AS-IgM cut-off worth. Compared to the AS-IgM concentrations within the inhabitants, titers from the 2 described instances clearly stood out.
The remoted instances signify the top of a broader spectrum as there’s a continuum of AS-IgM reactivity within the basic inhabitants. We couldn’t observe any variations within the immunoblot patterns between the instances and controls, which can point out the overall presence of ASA within the inhabitants. Conclusions Interference attributable to ASA is extra prevalent than initially thought and is brought on by IgM antibodies.
Description: A polyclonal antibody for HMGB1 from Human | Mouse | Rat. The antibody is produced in rabbit after immunization with Human Synthesized peptide derived from internal of human HMGB1.. The Antibody is tested and validated for WB, ELISA assays with the following recommended dilutions: WB (1:1000), ELISA (1:20000). This HMGB1 antibody is conjugated to ATTO 565.
Description: A polyclonal antibody for HMGB1 from Human | Mouse | Rat. The antibody is produced in rabbit after immunization with Human Synthesized peptide derived from internal of human HMGB1.. The Antibody is tested and validated for WB, ELISA assays with the following recommended dilutions: WB (1:1000), ELISA (1:20000). This HMGB1 antibody is conjugated to ATTO 633.
Description: A polyclonal antibody for HMGB1 from Human | Mouse | Rat. The antibody is produced in rabbit after immunization with Human Synthesized peptide derived from internal of human HMGB1.. The Antibody is tested and validated for WB, ELISA assays with the following recommended dilutions: WB (1:1000), ELISA (1:20000). This HMGB1 antibody is conjugated to ATTO 655.
Description: A polyclonal antibody for HMGB1 from Human | Mouse | Rat. The antibody is produced in rabbit after immunization with Human Synthesized peptide derived from internal of human HMGB1.. The Antibody is tested and validated for WB, ELISA assays with the following recommended dilutions: WB (1:1000), ELISA (1:20000). This HMGB1 antibody is conjugated to ATTO 680.
Description: A polyclonal antibody for HMGB1 from Human | Mouse | Rat. The antibody is produced in rabbit after immunization with Human Synthesized peptide derived from internal of human HMGB1.. The Antibody is tested and validated for WB, ELISA assays with the following recommended dilutions: WB (1:1000), ELISA (1:20000). This HMGB1 antibody is conjugated to ATTO 700.
Description: A polyclonal antibody for HMGB1 from Human | Mouse | Rat. The antibody is produced in rabbit after immunization with Human Synthesized peptide derived from internal of human HMGB1.. The Antibody is tested and validated for WB, ELISA assays with the following recommended dilutions: WB (1:1000), ELISA (1:20000). This HMGB1 antibody is conjugated to Alkaline Phosphatase.
Description: A polyclonal antibody for HMGB1 from Human | Mouse | Rat. The antibody is produced in rabbit after immunization with Human Synthesized peptide derived from internal of human HMGB1.. The Antibody is tested and validated for WB, ELISA assays with the following recommended dilutions: WB (1:1000), ELISA (1:20000). This HMGB1 antibody is conjugated to APC .
Description: A polyclonal antibody for HMGB1 from Human | Mouse | Rat. The antibody is produced in rabbit after immunization with Human Synthesized peptide derived from internal of human HMGB1.. The Antibody is tested and validated for WB, ELISA assays with the following recommended dilutions: WB (1:1000), ELISA (1:20000). This HMGB1 antibody is conjugated to APC/Cy7.
Description: A polyclonal antibody for HMGB1 from Human | Mouse | Rat. The antibody is produced in rabbit after immunization with Human Synthesized peptide derived from internal of human HMGB1.. The Antibody is tested and validated for WB, ELISA assays with the following recommended dilutions: WB (1:1000), ELISA (1:20000). This HMGB1 antibody is conjugated to Dylight 350.
Description: A polyclonal antibody for HMGB1 from Human | Mouse | Rat. The antibody is produced in rabbit after immunization with Human Synthesized peptide derived from internal of human HMGB1.. The Antibody is tested and validated for WB, ELISA assays with the following recommended dilutions: WB (1:1000), ELISA (1:20000). This HMGB1 antibody is conjugated to Dylight 405.
Description: A polyclonal antibody for HMGB1 from Human | Mouse | Rat. The antibody is produced in rabbit after immunization with Human Synthesized peptide derived from internal of human HMGB1.. The Antibody is tested and validated for WB, ELISA assays with the following recommended dilutions: WB (1:1000), ELISA (1:20000). This HMGB1 antibody is conjugated to Dylight 488.
Description: A polyclonal antibody for HMGB1 from Human | Mouse | Rat. The antibody is produced in rabbit after immunization with Human Synthesized peptide derived from internal of human HMGB1.. The Antibody is tested and validated for WB, ELISA assays with the following recommended dilutions: WB (1:1000), ELISA (1:20000). This HMGB1 antibody is conjugated to Dylight 594.
Description: A polyclonal antibody for HMGB1 from Human | Mouse | Rat. The antibody is produced in rabbit after immunization with Human Synthesized peptide derived from internal of human HMGB1.. The Antibody is tested and validated for WB, ELISA assays with the following recommended dilutions: WB (1:1000), ELISA (1:20000). This HMGB1 antibody is conjugated to Dylight 633.
Description: A polyclonal antibody for HMGB1 from Human | Mouse | Rat. The antibody is produced in rabbit after immunization with Human Synthesized peptide derived from internal of human HMGB1.. The Antibody is tested and validated for WB, ELISA assays with the following recommended dilutions: WB (1:1000), ELISA (1:20000). This HMGB1 antibody is conjugated to HRP.
Description: A polyclonal antibody for HMGB1 from Human | Mouse | Rat. The antibody is produced in rabbit after immunization with Human Synthesized peptide derived from internal of human HMGB1.. The Antibody is tested and validated for WB, ELISA assays with the following recommended dilutions: WB (1:1000), ELISA (1:20000). This HMGB1 antibody is conjugated to PE/ATTO 594.
Description: A polyclonal antibody for HMGB1 from Human | Mouse | Rat. The antibody is produced in rabbit after immunization with Human Synthesized peptide derived from internal of human HMGB1.. The Antibody is tested and validated for WB, ELISA assays with the following recommended dilutions: WB (1:1000), ELISA (1:20000). This HMGB1 antibody is conjugated to PerCP.
Description: A polyclonal antibody for HMGB1 from Human | Mouse | Rat. The antibody is produced in rabbit after immunization with Human Synthesized peptide derived from internal of human HMGB1.. The Antibody is tested and validated for WB, ELISA assays with the following recommended dilutions: WB (1:1000), ELISA (1:20000). This HMGB1 antibody is conjugated to RPE .
Description: A polyclonal antibody for HMGB1 from Human | Mouse | Rat. The antibody is produced in rabbit after immunization with Human Synthesized peptide derived from internal of human HMGB1.. The Antibody is tested and validated for WB, ELISA assays with the following recommended dilutions: WB (1:1000), ELISA (1:20000). This HMGB1 antibody is conjugated to Streptavidin.
Description: A polyclonal antibody for HMGB1 from Human | Mouse | Rat. The antibody is produced in rabbit after immunization with Human Synthesized peptide derived from internal of human HMGB1.. The Antibody is tested and validated for WB, ELISA assays with the following recommended dilutions: WB (1:1000), ELISA (1:20000). This HMGB1 antibody is unconjugated.
Description: A polyclonal antibody for HMGB1 from Human | Mouse | Rat. The antibody is produced in rabbit after immunization with Human Synthesized peptide derived from internal of human HMGB1.. The Antibody is tested and validated for WB, ELISA assays with the following recommended dilutions: WB (1:1000), ELISA (1:20000). This HMGB1 antibody is conjugated to ATTO 390.
Description: A polyclonal antibody for HMGB1 from Human | Mouse | Rat. The antibody is produced in rabbit after immunization with Human Synthesized peptide derived from internal of human HMGB1.. The Antibody is tested and validated for WB, ELISA assays with the following recommended dilutions: WB (1:1000), ELISA (1:20000). This HMGB1 antibody is conjugated to ATTO 488.
Description: A polyclonal antibody for HMGB1 from Human | Mouse | Rat. The antibody is produced in rabbit after immunization with Human Synthesized peptide derived from internal of human HMGB1.. The Antibody is tested and validated for WB, ELISA assays with the following recommended dilutions: WB (1:1000), ELISA (1:20000). This HMGB1 antibody is conjugated to ATTO 594.
Description: A polyclonal antibody for HMGB1 from Human | Mouse | Rat. The antibody is produced in rabbit after immunization with Human Synthesized peptide derived from internal of human HMGB1.. The Antibody is tested and validated for WB, ELISA assays with the following recommended dilutions: WB (1:1000), ELISA (1:20000). This HMGB1 antibody is conjugated to Biotin.
Description: A polyclonal antibody for HMGB1 from Human | Mouse | Rat. The antibody is produced in rabbit after immunization with Human Synthesized peptide derived from internal of human HMGB1.. The Antibody is tested and validated for WB, ELISA assays with the following recommended dilutions: WB (1:1000), ELISA (1:20000). This HMGB1 antibody is conjugated to FITC.
HMGB1 (untagged)-Human high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1)
Description: The kit is a sandwich enzyme immunoassay for in vitro quantitative measurement of HMGB-1 in human serum, plasma and other biological fluids
Description: The high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein was originally identified as a highly conserved nuclear DNA-binding protein that participates in DNA replication, repair and transcriptional regulation of gene expression (1,2). However, HMGB1 has more recently emerged as an extracellularly released mediator of inflammation and repair responses in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxemia and sepsis (3). HMGB1 has also been suggested to induce secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines by inducing NF-kB signaling downstream of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 activation (4).
Description: The high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein was originally identified as a highly conserved nuclear DNA-binding protein that participates in DNA replication, repair and transcriptional regulation of gene expression (1,2). However, HMGB1 has more recently emerged as an extracellularly released mediator of inflammation and repair responses in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxemia and sepsis (3). HMGB1 has also been suggested to induce secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines by inducing NF-kB signaling downstream of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 activation (4).
Description: A polyclonal antibody against HMGB1. Recognizes HMGB1 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, IHC;ELISA:1:1000-1:2000, IHC:1:10-1:50
Description: A polyclonal antibody against HMGB1. Recognizes HMGB1 from Human, Mouse. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, WB, IHC; Recommended dilution: WB:1:1000-1:5000, IHC:1:20-1:200
Analysis of the Reactivity and Receptor Competitors of HLA-G Isoforms towards Obtainable Antibodies: Implications of Structural Traits of HLA-G Isoforms.
The human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-G, which consists of seven splice variants, is a tolerogenic immune checkpoint molecule. It performs an essential function within the safety of the fetus from the maternal immune response by binding to inhibitory receptors, together with leukocyte Ig-like receptors (LILRs).
Current research have additionally revealed that HLA-G is concerned within the development of most cancers cells and the safety from autoimmune illnesses. In distinction to its effectively characterised isoform, HLA-G1, the binding actions of different main HLA-G isoforms, reminiscent of HLA-G2, towards obtainable anti-HLA-G antibodies are solely partially understood.
Right here, we examine the binding specificities of anti-HLA-G antibodies by utilizing floor plasmon resonance. MEM-G9 and G233 confirmed sturdy affinities to HLA-G1, with a nM vary for his or her dissociation constants, however didn’t present affinities to HLA-G2.
The disulfide-linker HLA-G1 dimer additional exhibited vital avidity results. Then again, 4H84 and MEM-G1, which can be utilized for the Western blotting of HLA-G isoforms, can bind to native HLA-G2, whereas MEM-G9 and G233 can’t.
These outcomes reveal that HLA-G2 has {a partially} intrinsically disordered construction. Moreover, MEM-G1, however not 4H84, competes with the LILRB2 binding of HLA-G2. These outcomes present novel perception into the useful characterization of HLA-G isoforms and their detection methods.
Results of Anti-Cytokine Antibodies on Intestine Barrier Operate.
Anti-cytokine antibodies are utilized in treating continual inflammatory illnesses and autoimmune illnesses reminiscent of inflammatory bowel illness and rheumatic illnesses. Sufferers with these illnesses typically have a compromised intestine barrier operate, suggesting that anti-cytokine antibodies might contribute to the re-establishment of intestine barrier integrity, along with their immunomodulatory results. This paper opinions the consequences of anti-cytokine antibodies on intestine barrier operate and their mechanisms.
Description: FGF-8 (FGF-8b) is a heparin binding growth factor belonging to the FGF family. Proteins of this family play a central role during prenatal development and postnatal growth and regeneration of a variety of tissues, by promoting cellular proliferation and differentiation. There are 4 known alternate spliced forms of FGF8; FGF8A, FGF-8B, FGF-8E and FGF-8F. The human and murine FGF8 A and B are identical unlike human and mouse FGF8 E and F are 98% identical. FGF-8 targets mammary carcinoma cells and other cells expressing the FGF receptors. Recombinant human FGF-8 (FGF-8b) is a 22.5 kDa protein consisting of 194 amino acid residues.
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of FGF-8 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This FGF-8 antibody is for WB, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from the Internal region of human FGF-8
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of FGF-8 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This FGF-8 antibody is for WB, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from the Internal region of human FGF-8
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of FGF-8 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This FGF-8 antibody is for WB, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from the Internal region of human FGF-8
Description: A polyclonal antibody raised in Rabbit that recognizes and binds to Human FGF-8 . This antibody is tested and proven to work in the following applications:
Description: FGF-8 Human Recombinant produced in HEK cells is a glycosylated monomer, having a molecular weight range of 30-45kDa due to glycosylation.;The FGF8 is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
FGF-8 Fibroblast Growth Factor-8 Human Recombinant Protein
Description: FGF 8 Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 194 amino acids and having a total molecular mass of 22.5kDa. 
Human, Mouse FGF-8 Recombinant Protein Lyophilized
Description: FGF-8 (FGF-8b) is a heparin binding growth factor belonging to the FGF family. Proteins of this family play a central role during prenatal development and postnatal growth and regeneration of a variety of tissues, by promoting cellular proliferation and differentiation. There are 4 known alternate spliced forms of FGF8; FGF8A, FGF-8B, FGF-8E and FGF-8F. The human and murine FGF8 A and B are identical unlike human and mouse FGF8 E and F are 98% identical. FGF-8 targets mammary carcinoma cells and other cells expressing the FGF receptors. Recombinant human FGF-8 (FGF-8b) is a 22.4 kDa protein consisting of 193 amino acid residues.
Description: FGF-8 (FGF-8b) is a heparin binding growth factor belonging to the FGF family. Proteins of this family play a central role during prenatal development and postnatal growth and regeneration of a variety of tissues, by promoting cellular proliferation and differentiation. There are 4 known alternate spliced forms of FGF8; FGF8A, FGF-8B, FGF-8E and FGF-8F. The human and murine FGF8 A and B are identical unlike human and mouse FGF8 E and F are 98% identical. FGF-8 targets mammary carcinoma cells and other cells expressing the FGF receptors. Recombinant human FGF-8 (FGF-8b) is a 22.4 kDa protein consisting of 193 amino acid residues.
Description: FGF-10 is a heparin binding growth factor that belongs to the FGF family. Proteins of this family play a central role during prenatal development and postnatal growth and regeneration of a variety of tissues, by promoting cellular proliferation and differentiation. FGF-10 is most related to KGF/FGF-7 and is expressed during the development and preferentially in adult lungs. It signals through the FGFR 2b.
Description: FGF11, also known as FGF homologous factor 3 (FHF-3), belongs to the heparin-binding FGF family. FGF11 is expressed primarily in the nervous system.
Description: Fibroblast growth factor 16 (FGF16) belongs to the large FGF family which has at least 23 members. All FGF family members are heparinbinding growth factors with a core 120 amino acid (aa) FGF domain that allows for a common tertiary structure. FGFs are expressed during embryonic development and in restricted adult tissues. They act on cells of mesodermal and neuroectodermal origin to regulate diverse physiologic functions including angiogenesis, cell growth, pattern formation, embryonic development, metabolic regulation, cell migration, neurotrophic effects and tissue repair. Signaling receptors for FGFs are type I transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinases belonging to the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily. Four distinct but related classes of FGF receptors, FGF R1, 2, 3, and 4, exist. Through alternative splicing, multiple isoforms for FGF R1, 2 and 3, with distinct ligand recognition profiles, are also generated. Human FGF16 cDNA predicts a 207 aa precursor protein with one N-linked glycosylation site. FGF16 lacks a typical signal peptide but is efficiently generated by mechanisms other than the classical protein secretion pathway. Among FGF family members, FGF16 is most similar to FGF9, sharing 73% aa sequence homology. Human FGF16 shares 99% and 98.6% aa sequence identity with the mouse and rat FGF16, respectively. In rat embryos, FGF16 message is expressed predominantly in brown adipocytes. In adult animals, it is localized primarily in heart tissue. FGF16 binds to and activates FGF receptor 4. FGF16 induces proliferation of primary adipocytes and oligodendrocytes in vitro and stimulates liver weight increase in vivo. The expression pattern of FGF16 and its effect on adipocyte proliferation suggest a role for this protein on the proliferation of embryonic brown adipose tissue.
Description: Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) play multiple biological functions including angiogenesis, mitogenesis, cellular differentiation and wound repairing. All members of the FGF family have a conserved approximately 120 amino acid core with 30-70% identity. Among FGF family members, FGF17 is most similar to FGF8 (60% sequence identity) and FGF18 (50% sequence identity). The mRNA of FGF17 was found in midgestation of embryo and multiple adult tissues, and is preferentially expressed in specific sites, such as embryonic brain, developing skeleton and arteries. Human FGF17 shares 98.6% amino acid (aa) sequence identity with mouse FGF17. Rat FGF17 shares 100% aa sequence identity with mouse FGF17.
Description: Human FGF19 cDNA predicts a 251 aa precursor protein with a 22 aa signal peptide and a 229 aa secreted mature protein with no potential N-linked glycosylation sites. Among FGF family members, human FGF19 is most closely related to chicken FGF19 and murine FGF15, sharing approximately 61% and 51% aa sequence identity, respectively. Neither the human orthologue of mouse FGF15, nor the mouse counterpart of human FGF19 has been identified. With the exception of adult gall bladder epithelium, FGF19 expression is restricted to fetal tissues. Unlike most FGFs which bind to and activate more than one FGF receptor, FGF19 is a specific ligand for FGF R4. Similarly, another FGF family member, FGF7 (KGF), only activates KGF R, the IIIb isoform of FGF R2. During chick embryogenesis, FGF19 has been shown to act synergistically with Wnt8c to initiate inner ear development.
Description: Fibroblast growth factor 22 (FGF22) is a 23 kDa, non-glycosylated member of the FGF7 subfamily, from the FGF family of heparin-binding growth factors. The human FGF22 precursor is 170 amino acids (aa) in length, and contains a 22 aa signal sequence with a 148 aa mature region (46). The mature region shows a centrally-placed, 120 aa β-trefoil region (aa 43-168) that is characteristic of all FGF family members. Human FGF22 potentially has one alternate splice form. This isoform is 129 aa in length, and shows a 31 aa substitution for the first N-terminal 72 aa of the standard, or long, form. There is no information related to its possible function. Mature human FGF22 is 86% aa identical to mouse FGF22, with the mouse molecule showing a 9 aa deletion at the N-terminus. FGF 22 is synthesized by at least three cell types; keratinocytes, neurons, and skeletal muscle myotubes. In neurons and myotubes, FGF22 is presumed to function as an organizer of the presynaptic apparatus. Expressed by post-synaptic (or target) cells, FGF22 is believed to bind to FGF R2b on the surface of innervating processes, resulting in synaptic vesicle clustering, organization, and neurite branching. Although FGF22 is assumed to be secreted, little can be found in expressing cell culture media. Presumably, it is bound to 34 kDa FGFBP1, which is a molecule described as typically associated with cell membrane proteoglycans. Thus, following secretion, FGF22 could quickly be immobilized by FGFBP1, only to be released at a later time, or aided by FGFBP1 in its interaction with FGF R2b.
Description: FGF-10 is a heparin binding growth factor that belongs to the FGF family. Proteins of this family play a central role during prenatal development and postnatal growth and regeneration of a variety of tissues, by promoting cellular proliferation and differentiation. FGF-10 is most related to KGF/FGF-7 and is expressed during the development and preferentially in adult lungs. It signals through the FGFR 2b.
Description: Human FGF19 cDNA predicts a 251 aa precursor protein with a 22 aa signal peptide and a 229 aa secreted mature protein with no potential N-linked glycosylation sites. Among FGF family members, human FGF19 is most closely related to chicken FGF19 and murine FGF15, sharing approximately 61% and 51% aa sequence identity, respectively. Neither the human orthologue of mouse FGF15, nor the mouse counterpart of human FGF19 has been identified. With the exception of adult gall bladder epithelium, FGF19 expression is restricted to fetal tissues. Unlike most FGFs which bind to and activate more than one FGF receptor, FGF19 is a specific ligand for FGF R4. Similarly, another FGF family member, FGF7 (KGF), only activates KGF R, the IIIb isoform of FGF R2. During chick embryogenesis, FGF19 has been shown to act synergistically with Wnt8c to initiate inner ear development.
Description: The FGF family plays a central role during prenatal development and postnatal growth and regeneration of a variety of tissues, by promoting cellular proliferation and differentiation. FGF-23, FGF-21 and FGF-19 constitute an atypical FGF subfamily whose ligands act as circulating hormones and require the participation of a Klotho protein as a co-receptor for their signaling. FGF-23 is a bone-derived hormone that acts in the kidney to regulate phosphate homeostasis and vitamin D metabolism. The signaling receptor for FGF-23, a Klotho-FGFR1 (IIIc) complex, is an essential regulator of the renal sodium phosphate co-transporter and key vitamin D-metabolizing enzymes CYP27B1 and CYP24A1.
Description: FGF-10 is a heparin binding growth factor that belongs to the FGF family. Proteins of this family play a central role during prenatal development and postnatal growth and regeneration of a variety of tissues, by promoting cellular proliferation and differentiation. FGF-10 is most related to KGF/FGF-7 and is expressed during the development and preferentially in adult lungs. It signals through the FGFR 2b. Human FGF-10 is an app. 20 kDa protein consisting of 170 amino acid residues.
Description: Fibroblast growth factor 16 (FGF16) belongs to the large FGF family which has at least 23 members. All FGF family members are heparinbinding growth factors with a core 120 amino acid (aa) FGF domain that allows for a common tertiary structure. FGFs are expressed during embryonic development and in restricted adult tissues. They act on cells of mesodermal and neuroectodermal origin to regulate diverse physiologic functions including angiogenesis, cell growth, pattern formation, embryonic development, metabolic regulation, cell migration, neurotrophic effects and tissue repair. Signaling receptors for FGFs are type I transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinases belonging to the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily. Four distinct but related classes of FGF receptors, FGF R1, 2, 3, and 4, exist. Through alternative splicing, multiple isoforms for FGF R1, 2 and 3, with distinct ligand recognition profiles, are also generated. Human FGF16 cDNA predicts a 207 aa precursor protein with one N-linked glycosylation site. FGF16 lacks a typical signal peptide but is efficiently generated by mechanisms other than the classical protein secretion pathway. Among FGF family members, FGF16 is most similar to FGF9, sharing 73% aa sequence homology. Human FGF16 shares 99% and 98.6% aa sequence identity with the mouse and rat FGF16, respectively. In rat embryos, FGF16 message is expressed predominantly in brown adipocytes. In adult animals, it is localized primarily in heart tissue. FGF16 binds to and activates FGF receptor 4. FGF16 induces proliferation of primary adipocytes and oligodendrocytes in vitro and stimulates liver weight increase in vivo. The expression pattern of FGF16 and its effect on adipocyte proliferation suggest a role for this protein on the proliferation of embryonic brown adipose tissue.
Description: Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) play multiple biological functions including angiogenesis, mitogenesis, cellular differentiation and wound repairing. All members of the FGF family have a conserved approximately 120 amino acid core with 30-70% identity. Among FGF family members, FGF17 is most similar to FGF8 (60% sequence identity) and FGF18 (50% sequence identity). The mRNA of FGF17 was found in midgestation of embryo and multiple adult tissues, and is preferentially expressed in specific sites, such as embryonic brain, developing skeleton and arteries. Human FGF17 shares 98.6% amino acid (aa) sequence identity with mouse FGF17. Rat FGF17 shares 100% aa sequence identity with mouse FGF17.
Description: Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) play multiple biological functions including angiogenesis, mitogenesis, cellular differentiation and wound repairing. All members of the FGF family have a conserved approximately 120 amino acid core with 30-70% identity. Among FGF family members, FGF17 is most similar to FGF8 (60% sequence identity) and FGF18 (50% sequence identity). The mRNA of FGF17 was found in midgestation of embryo and multiple adult tissues, and is preferentially expressed in specific sites, such as embryonic brain, developing skeleton and arteries. Human FGF17 shares 98.6% amino acid (aa) sequence identity with mouse FGF17. Rat FGF17 shares 100% aa sequence identity with mouse FGF17.
Description: Fibroblast Growth Factor 3 (FGF3) belongs to the large FGF family which has at least 23 members. All FGF family members are heparinbinding growth factors with a core 120 amino acid (aa) FGF domain that allows for a common tertiary structure. FGFs are expressed during embryonic development and in restricted adult tissues. They act on cells of mesodermal and neuroectodermal origin to regulate diverse physiologic functions including angiogenesis, cell growth, pattern formation, embryonic development, metabolic regulation, cell migration, neurotrophic effects and tissue repair. Signaling receptors for FGFs are type I transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinases belonging to the Ig superfamily. Four distinct but related classes of FGF receptors, FGF R1, 2, 3, and 4, exist. Through alternative splicing, multiple isoforms for FGF R1, 2 and 3, with distinct ligand recognition profiles, are also generated. The FGF3 gene, originally designated int2, was first identified as a protooncogene activated in mouse mammary tumors by proviral integration.
Description: FGF4 (fibroblast growth factor4), also known as FGF-K or K-FGF (Kaposi’s sarcomaassociated FGF), is a 25 kDa secreted, heparinbinding member of the FGF family. The human FGF4 cDNA encodes 206 amino acids (aa) with a 33 aa signal sequence and a 173 aa mature protein with an FGF homology domain that contains a heparin binding region near the C terminus. Mature human FGF 4 (aa 71-206) shares 91%, 82%, 94% and 91% aa identity with mouse, rat, canine and bovine FGF4, respectively. Human FGF4 has been shown to exhibit cross species activity. Expression of FGF4 and its receptors, FGF R1c, 2c, 3c and 4, is spatially and temporally regulated during embryonic development. Its expression in the mouse trophoblast inner cell mass promotes expression of FGF R2, and is required for maintenance of the troph-ectoderm and primitive endoderm. Later in mouse development, FGF4 works together with FGF8 to mediate the activities of the apical ectodermal ridge, which direct the outgrowth and patterning of vertebrate limbs. FGF4 is proposed to play a physiologically relevant role in human embryonic stem cell selfrenewal. It promotes stem cell proliferation, but may also aid differentiation depending on context and concentration, and is often included in embryonic stem cell media in vitro. A C-terminally truncated 15 kDa isoform that opposes full length FGF4 and promotes differentiation is endogenously expressed in human embryonic stem cells. FGF4 is mitogenic for fibroblasts and endothelial cells in vitro and has autocrine transforming potential. It is a potent angiogenesis promoter in vivo and has been investigated as therapy for coronary artery disease.
Description: The FGF family is comprised of at least seven polypeptides that are potent regulators of cell proliferation, differentiation and function. All FGFs have two conserved cysteine residues and share 30-50% sequence homology at the amino acid level. FGF5 was originally identified as a transforming gene by the NIH3T3 focus formation assay using DNA derived from human tumors. FGF5 cDNA encodes a 267 amino acid residue protein with a putative 22 amino acid residue signal peptide. The murine homologue of FGF5 was cloned and found to be 84% homologous to the human protein at the amino acid sequence level. Human and murine FGF5 exhibit cross species activity. In vitro, recombinant human FGF5 is a mitogen for Balb/3T3 fibroblasts and bovine heart endothelial cells. FGF5 was also reported to be a major muscle-derived survival factor for cultured spinal moto-neurons.
Description: Fibroblast Growth Factor-6 (FGF-6), also known as HST2, is a 25-28 kDa member of the FGF family of heparin binding polypeptides which are potent regulators of cell proliferation, differentiation, and function. FGF proteins contain a 120 amino acid (aa) core FGF domain that exhibits a β-trefoil structure. Mature human FGF6 is a 171 aa protein that shares 94% aa sequence identity with mouse and rat FGF6. It binds and signals primarily through FGF R1c, 2c, and 4. FGF6 functions as a mitogen for fibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells, and prostate carcinoma cells, and N-linked glycosylation is required for the full mitogenic effect. FGF6 expression is restricted to skeletal muscle during development although it can be upregulated in prostate cancer and Kaposi sarcoma. In the adult, FGF6 is upregulated in injured skeletal muscle and is required for muscle regeneration. FGF6 inhibits the terminal differentiation of myoblasts and also cooperates with TGFβ-2 to promote chondrogenesis in embryonic somites.
Description: FGF-9 is a heparin binding growth factor that belongs to the FGF family. Proteins of this family play a central role during prenatal development and postnatal growth and regeneration of a variety of tissues, by promoting cellular proliferation and differentiation. FGF-9 targets glial cells, astrocytes cells and other cells that express the FGFR 1c, 2c, 3b, 3c, and 4. Human FGF-9 is an approx. 23-25 kDa protein consisting of 207 amino acid residues.
Description: The FGF family is comprised of at least seven polypeptides that are potent regulators of cell proliferation, differentiation and function. All FGFs have two conserved cysteine residues and share 30-50% sequence homology at the amino acid level. FGF5 was originally identified as a transforming gene by the NIH3T3 focus formation assay using DNA derived from human tumors. FGF5 cDNA encodes a 267 amino acid residue protein with a putative 22 amino acid residue signal peptide. The murine homologue of FGF5 was cloned and found to be 84% homologous to the human protein at the amino acid sequence level. Human and murine FGF5 exhibit cross species activity. In vitro, recombinant human FGF5 is a mitogen for Balb/3T3 fibroblasts and bovine heart endothelial cells. FGF5 was also reported to be a major muscle-derived survival factor for cultured spinal moto-neurons.
Description: FGF4 (fibroblast growth factor4), also known as FGF-K or K-FGF (Kaposi’s sarcomaassociated FGF), is a 25 kDa secreted, heparinbinding member of the FGF family. The human FGF4 cDNA encodes 206 amino acids (aa) with a 33 aa signal sequence and a 173 aa mature protein with an FGF homology domain that contains a heparin binding region near the C terminus. Mature human FGF 4 (aa 71-206) shares 91%, 82%, 94% and 91% aa identity with mouse, rat, canine and bovine FGF4, respectively. Human FGF4 has been shown to exhibit cross species activity. Expression of FGF4 and its receptors, FGF R1c, 2c, 3c and 4, is spatially and temporally regulated during embryonic development. Its expression in the mouse trophoblast inner cell mass promotes expression of FGF R2, and is required for maintenance of the troph-ectoderm and primitive endoderm. Later in mouse development, FGF4 works together with FGF8 to mediate the activities of the apical ectodermal ridge, which direct the outgrowth and patterning of vertebrate limbs. FGF4 is proposed to play a physiologically relevant role in human embryonic stem cell selfrenewal. It promotes stem cell proliferation, but may also aid differentiation depending on context and concentration, and is often included in embryonic stem cell media in vitro. A C-terminally truncated 15 kDa isoform that opposes full length FGF4 and promotes differentiation is endogenously expressed in human embryonic stem cells. FGF4 is mitogenic for fibroblasts and endothelial cells in vitro and has autocrine transforming potential. It is a potent angiogenesis promoter in vivo and has been investigated as therapy for coronary artery disease.
Description: FGF-9 is a heparin binding growth factor that belongs to the FGF family. Proteins of this family play a central role during prenatal development and postnatal growth and regeneration of a variety of tissues, by promoting cellular proliferation and differentiation. FGF-9 targets glial cells, astrocytes cells and other cells that express the FGFR 1c, 2c, 3b, 3c, and 4. Human FGF-9 is an approx. 23-25 kDa protein consisting of 207 amino acid residues.
Description: FGF4 (fibroblast growth factor4), also known as FGF-K or K-FGF (Kaposi’s sarcomaassociated FGF), is a 25 kDa secreted, heparinbinding member of the FGF family. The human FGF4 cDNA encodes 206 amino acids (aa) with a 33 aa signal sequence and a 173 aa mature protein with an FGF homology domain that contains a heparin binding region near the C terminus. Mature human FGF 4 (aa 71-206) shares 91%, 82%, 94% and 91% aa identity with mouse, rat, canine and bovine FGF4, respectively. Human FGF4 has been shown to exhibit cross species activity. Expression of FGF4 and its receptors, FGF R1c, 2c, 3c and 4, is spatially and temporally regulated during embryonic development. Its expression in the mouse trophoblast inner cell mass promotes expression of FGF R2, and is required for maintenance of the troph-ectoderm and primitive endoderm. Later in mouse development, FGF4 works together with FGF8 to mediate the activities of the apical ectodermal ridge, which direct the outgrowth and patterning of vertebrate limbs. FGF4 is proposed to play a physiologically relevant role in human embryonic stem cell selfrenewal. It promotes stem cell proliferation, but may also aid differentiation depending on context and concentration, and is often included in embryonic stem cell media in vitro. A C-terminally truncated 15 kDa isoform that opposes full length FGF4 and promotes differentiation is endogenously expressed in human embryonic stem cells. FGF4 is mitogenic for fibroblasts and endothelial cells in vitro and has autocrine transforming potential. It is a potent angiogenesis promoter in vivo and has been investigated as therapy for coronary artery disease.